Environmental Risks of Neonicotinoid Pesiticides a Review of the Evidence Post 2013

Review

. 2017 Jul;24(21):17285-17325.

doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9240-x. Epub 2022 Jun 7.

The ecology risks of neonicotinoid pesticides: a review of the bear witness post 2013

Affiliations

• PMID: 28593544
• PMCID: PMC5533829
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9240-x

Gratuitous PMC commodity

Review

The ecology risks of neonicotinoid pesticides: a review of the testify mail service 2013

Thomas James Wood  et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Jul .

Gratuitous PMC article

Abstract

Neonicotinoid pesticides were first introduced in the mid-1990s, and since then, their use has grown rapidly. They are now the well-nigh widely used grade of insecticides in the earth, with the majority of applications coming from seed dressings. Neonicotinoids are water-soluble, and so can exist taken upwardly past a developing plant and can be found inside vascular tissues and foliage, providing protection against herbivorous insects. However, only approximately five% of the neonicotinoid active ingredient is taken up past crop plants and near instead disperses into the wider environment. Since the mid-2000s, several studies raised concerns that neonicotinoids may be having a negative effect on not-target organisms, in item on honeybees and bumblebees. In response to these studies, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was commissioned to produce risk assessments for the utilize of clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam and their impact on bees. These take a chance assessments ended that the utilize of these compounds on certain flowering crops poses a high risk to bees. On the footing of these findings, the European Spousal relationship adopted a fractional ban on these substances in May 2013. The purpose of the present paper is to collate and summarise scientific evidence published since 2013 that investigates the touch of neonicotinoids on non-target organisms. Whilst much of the contempo work has focused on the touch on of neonicotinoids on bees, a growing torso of evidence demonstrates that persistent, low levels of neonicotinoids can have negative impacts on a broad range of free-living organisms.

Keywords: Bees; European Food Prophylactic Authority; Freshwater habitats; Invertebrates; Neonicotinoid pesticides; Neonicotinoids; Non-target organisms; Residues.

Figures

Fig. one

Changes in use of insecticide classes between 1997 and 2010 showing decreases for organophosphates (OPs), methylcarbamates (MCs) and pyrethroids (pyr) and increases for neonicotinoids (neonic) and other compounds. Abbreviations: AChE acetylcholinesterase; nAChR nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Reproduced from Casida and Durkin (2013)

Fig. 2

Number of studies published in scientific journals on neonicotinoids in each year. Open circles, "neonicotinoid*"; filled diamonds, "neonictotinoid* + bee*"; filled circle, "neonicotinoid* + residue"; open triangle, "neonicotinoid* + water"; filled triangle, "neonicotinoid* + soil". Information from Web of Science

Fig. 3

Elution profiles of clothianidin and thiamethoxam upon absorption on soils. Concentrations of clothianidin (blackness columns) and thiamethoxam (grey columns) measured in aqueous eluates from soil columns of a sand, b clay and c loam soils. Eluates from d pumice columns are shown as a control. Concentrations in 10-mL fractions of the eluate are shown in micrograms per millilitre, every bit a function of the fraction number. Reproduced from Mörtl et al. (2016)

Fig. 4

Mean clothianidin soil concentrations from 2011 to 2013 for each maize seed-coating rate (0.25 vs 0.50 mg of clothianidin/seed). Maize planting is presented because it represents the introduction of clothianidin in the field, and tillage events are also presented. Asterisks represent significantly different concentrations betwixt seed-coating treatments for 1 sampling event (t test, p ≤ 0.05, northward = 13 and n = 17 for 0.25 and 0.50 mg/seed, respectively, from April 2011 to March 2013; north = fifteen for both seed treatment rates since May 2013). Reproduced from de Perre et al. (2015). Note—untreated soybeans were sown in 2012

Fig. 5

Shadow histogram of a average and b maximum private neonicotinoid concentrations (log calibration, μg/50) reported from water monitoring studies. Overlaid is the cumulative distribution probability (red ascending line) using all available surface water monitoring information showing proportion of data beneath whatsoever given neonicotinoid concentration. Vertical dashed lines illustrate multiple ecological quality reference values set for boilerplate imidacloprid water concentrations (RIVM , 0.0083 μg/L; CCME , 0.23 μg/L and US EPA , 1.05 μg/L) or for maximum imidacloprid water concentrations (EFSA , 0.2 μg/L). Reproduced from Morrissey et al.

Fig. 6

Concentrations of clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam and the respective stream belch at three sites in the Chesapeake Bay area sampled in 2014. Black bars represent samples where no neonicotinoids were detected. Reproduced from Hladik and Kolpin (2016)

Fig. 7

a Concentrations of imidacloprid and the corresponding stream discharge from Oct 2011 to October 2013 for Sope Creek (a largely urban catchment). b Concentrations of imidacloprid, dinotefuran and acetamiprid along with the corresponding stream discharge from September 2011 to September 2012 for Chattahoochee River. Blackness bars represent samples where no neonicotinoids were detected. Reproduced from Hladik and Kolpin (2016)

Fig. 8

Range of neonicotinoid toxicity (Fifty[E]C₅₀, 24–96 h in μmol/50, both lethal and sublethal values included) among all tested aquatic invertebrate orders. For context, three of the most common exam species (white confined) for the orders Cladocera (Daphnia magna), Amphipoda (Gammarus pulex) and Diptera (Chironomus dilutus) are shown to illustrate differences in sensitivity by species. Vertical lines within bars stand for geometric means of examination values. Concentrations are given as molar equivalents micromoles per litre to standardise for the variable molecular weights of the different neonicotinoids. Dorsum conversions to concentrations in micrograms per litre (ppb) tin be obtained by multiplying the molar concentration by the molar weight of the neonicotinoid compound. Reproduced from Morrissey et al.

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Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28593544/

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